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v4:numerical-fraction:college | Working with Fraction Writing | concept:numerical-fraction | number-representations | college | plain | textbook_explanation | A numerical fraction is a written integer divided by another written integer that is nonzero. A common positive denominator makes addition a count of a shared unit. With integer numerators a and c and positive integer b, a/b+c/b=(a+c)/b and a/b−c/b=(a−c)/b. The numerator is the top entry and the denominator the nonzero... | v4:number-representations:numerical-fraction:definition | [
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v4:unit-fraction:college | One Part and Its Positive Divisor | concept:unit-fraction | number-representations | college | plain | textbook_explanation | A unit fraction is a number represented as one divided by a positive integer, including one divided by one. The relationship n×(1/n)=1, for a positive integer n, makes a unit fraction the multiplicative partner that reconstructs one. The symbol n runs over positive integers, including one. With a physical whole fixed, ... | v4:number-representations:unit-fraction:definition | [
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v4:equivalent-fraction-representation:college | Different Fractions, Equal Values | concept:equivalent-fraction-representation | number-representations | college | plain | textbook_explanation | Equivalent fraction representations are different written divisions of integers that have nonzero numbers below the division bar and name the same number. Scaling an integer fraction’s numerator and denominator by the same nonzero integer can generate another representative of its value. The numerator is its top entry ... | v4:number-representations:equivalent-fraction-representation:definition | [
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v4:percentage:college | Comparisons on a Per-Hundred Scale | concept:percentage | number-representations | college | plain | textbook_explanation | A percentage expresses how much one quantity is compared with a stated nonzero reference quantity, using a scale of one hundred. Percentage notation preserves a ratio while changing its numerical scale to a per-hundred expression. A ratio represented by an integer fraction can also be expressed as a decimal and a perce... | v4:number-representations:percentage:definition | [
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v4:rational-number:college | Numbers and Their Quotient Representations | concept:rational-number | number-representations | college | plain | textbook_explanation | A rational number is a number expressible as an integer divided by a nonzero integer, rather than any one particular written fraction. Integer inclusion provides a direct starting point: n=n/1 for every integer n. Integers are zero and the positive and negative whole-number values. Division by one leaves each value unc... | v4:number-representations:rational-number:definition | [
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geometric-area-v4-college | Products, subdivisions and limiting sums | concept:geometric-area | shape-and-measure | college | plain | textbook_explanation | # Products, subdivisions and limiting sums
Geometric area is a measure of how much flat space a specified region covers. For a Euclidean rectangle, A=lw with positive side lengths l and w in one length unit. The area A is a product, so its unit is squared. This is a relation between a specified planar region and its m... | geometric-area-v4-definition | [
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geometric-perimeter-v4-college | A fixed sum does not fix a product | concept:geometric-perimeter | shape-and-measure | college | plain | textbook_explanation | Geometric perimeter is the total length along the chosen boundary of a flat region.
Area and perimeter describe different measurements of the same region. Area measures the flat space covered, so it can be given in square metres. Perimeter measures length around the boundary, so it can be given in metres. Let \(P\) de... | geometric-perimeter-v4-definition | [
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euclidean-triangle-v4-college | Conditions determine what a triangle formula can recover | concept:euclidean-triangle | shape-and-measure | college | plain | textbook_explanation | # Conditions determine what a triangle formula can recover
A Euclidean triangle is a flat closed shape made of three straight sides whose corners do not all lie on one straight line. Its positive side lengths a, b and c obey strict inequalities: a+b>c, a+c>b and b+c>a. Each two-side sum exceeds the remaining length. R... | euclidean-triangle-v4-definition | [
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euclidean-circle-v4-college | Distance constraints connect the circle’s measurements | concept:euclidean-circle | shape-and-measure | college | plain | textbook_explanation | # Distance constraints connect the circle’s measurements
A Euclidean circle is a flat round boundary whose points are all the same positive distance from its center. For positive radius r, the diameter d is twice that center-to-boundary distance: d=2r. The diameter passes through the center between two boundary points... | euclidean-circle-v4-definition | [
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geometric-volume-v4-college | A denominator changes the information carried by volume | concept:geometric-volume | shape-and-measure | college | plain | textbook_explanation | # A denominator changes the information carried by volume
Geometric volume is a measure of how much three-dimensional space a specified region occupies. Volume in cubic metres measures a different dimensional extent from area in square metres. Surface area is the combined area of the faces of a polyhedral boundary, co... | geometric-volume-v4-definition | [
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v4:mass-density:college | Mass density: connected physical reasoning | concept:mass-density | matter-properties | college | plain | textbook_explanation | Mass density is the mass of material per volume, with the material’s conditions and the volume being compared stated.
For a mixture, mass density uses the total mass of its constituents divided by the actual volume of the combined system. The actual combined volume must be used; an unverified sum of the component volu... | v4:matter-properties:mass-density:definition | [
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v4:temperature:college | Temperature: connected physical reasoning | concept:temperature | matter-properties | college | plain | textbook_explanation | Temperature is a physical quantity describing hotness or coldness that governs the direction of spontaneous heat transfer. Temperature is an intensive state quantity, so amount alone does not determine its value. Comparing the amounts of two systems is therefore insufficient to infer their temperatures. This principle ... | null | [
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v4:solid-material-state:college | Solid material state: connected physical reasoning | concept:solid-material-state | matter-properties | college | plain | textbook_explanation | A solid is a material state that resists sustained changes of shape under stated conditions and over a stated observation time.
A solid can expand, compress, deform, or creep while remaining a solid. Creep is slow deformation over time under sustained stress. Thus, a shape change does not require treating perfect fixe... | v4:matter-properties:solid-material-state:definition | [
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v4:liquid-material-state:college | Liquid material state: connected physical reasoning | concept:liquid-material-state | matter-properties | college | plain | textbook_explanation | A liquid is a flowing material state that takes its container’s shape while retaining an approximately definite volume for a fixed amount under stated ordinary conditions. The ordinary liquid-state account combines relatively close microscopic spacing with enough constituent mobility for flow. This combination supplies... | null | [
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v4:gas-material-state:college | Gas material state: connected physical reasoning | concept:gas-material-state | matter-properties | college | plain | textbook_explanation | A gas is a flowing material state that expands through the containing space available to it under specified conditions. Pressure, volume, temperature and amount of substance are related quantities used to describe macroscopic gas behaviour. Pressure measures pushing per area, volume identifies the occupied space, and t... | null | [
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force-v4-college | A resultant is not an initial state | concept:force | motion-and-heat | college | plain | textbook_explanation | # A resultant is not an initial state
A force is a push or pull representing an interaction between objects. Contact forces require contact, whereas gravity provides a noncontact interaction between masses. Forces can also deform shape. These statements concern interaction type and possible effects; they do not identi... | force-v4-definition | [
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friction-v4-college | Different descriptions of the same contact | concept:friction | motion-and-heat | college | plain | textbook_explanation | Friction is a contact force acting along touching surfaces to resist or constrain their relative slipping.
At an interface, the contact force has distinct roles in two directions. The normal contact force acts perpendicular to the interface. Friction acts tangentially, meaning along the interface. Its direction is set... | friction-v4-definition | [
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acceleration-v4-college | From vector rate to a position history | concept:acceleration | motion-and-heat | college | plain | textbook_explanation | # From vector rate to a position history
Acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes in a chosen frame. Velocity is a directional motion quantity; speed is its magnitude. Consequently, changing direction changes velocity without requiring an increase in speed. Force, an interaction represented by a push or pull... | acceleration-v4-definition | [
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thermal-conduction-v4-college | From a local flux relation to a slab rate | concept:thermal-conduction | motion-and-heat | college | plain | textbook_explanation | # From a local flux relation to a slab rate
Thermal conduction is energy transfer through microscopic interactions within or between materials, without requiring bulk material flow. In solids, molecular vibration and mobile electrons can contribute to conductive transport. Convection instead involves bulk fluid motion... | thermal-conduction-v4-definition | [
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heat-transfer-v4-college | Connecting an energy balance to transfer models | concept:heat-transfer | motion-and-heat | college | plain | textbook_explanation | # Connecting an energy balance to transfer models
Heat transfer is energy movement caused by a temperature difference. A mug warmer than its surroundings can cool by losing energy, with no compensating input and ordinary sensible-cooling conditions. Its temperature is a thermal state, not the amount transferred. Simil... | heat-transfer-v4-definition | [
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"absolute ... | [] | true | false | true | null | f55b813736d9d334ebe561483d92d1577cf43529d11412fee6c879af1e89f938 | 76e961dd853128f0744b8ac1ceea631b87aea0582c173b0a5b52aa6e1c129be5 | v2.2 | all_current_indexed_articles_maintainer_directed | cc-by-4.0 |
v4:cell:college | Cells, Boundaries and Living Work | concept:cell | cells-and-plants | college | plain | textbook_explanation | A biological cell is a living unit bounded by a membrane that supports organized processes of life, either as an organism or within a larger living thing. The membrane regulates movement between a cell and its surroundings. This thin biological boundary makes enclosure compatible with exchange: the cell is distinct fro... | v4:cells-and-plants:cell:definition | [
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v4:plant:college | Plant Membership and Plant Activity | concept:plant | cells-and-plants | college | plain | textbook_explanation | A plant is a living thing belonging to the botanical grouping used here, which includes Viridiplantae, the green-plant lineage. Root-bearing plants use roots for anchorage and for uptake of water and nutrients. A lineage is a branch of biological descent, and Viridiplantae identifies the green-plant branch included in ... | v4:cells-and-plants:plant:definition | [
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v4:photosynthesis:college | Light, Water and Connected Building Steps | concept:photosynthesis | cells-and-plants | college | plain | textbook_explanation | Photosynthesis is a biological process that captures light to store energy in substances made by living things. The light-dependent reactions of oxygenic, or oxygen-releasing, plant photosynthesis make two energy-carrying substances that support the later carbon-building stage. Their production links energy capture to ... | v4:cells-and-plants:photosynthesis:definition | [
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v4:seed-germination:college | Following a Seed’s Return to Growth | concept:seed-germination | cells-and-plants | college | plain | textbook_explanation | Seed germination is the resumption of growth by a seed’s living young plant when the seed can grow, any resting barrier has been overcome, and its surroundings are suitable. In a common germination sequence, water uptake accompanies reactivation of internal chemical activity. The description presupposes viability, mean... | v4:cells-and-plants:seed-germination:definition | [
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ecosystem-v4-college | A system boundary does not close every process | concept:ecosystem | ecological-connections | college | plain | textbook_explanation | # A system boundary does not close every process
An ecosystem is a system of living things interacting with their nonliving surroundings in a specified place. Photosynthesis, the capture of light energy by living organisms, provides a primary energy input to many ecosystems. This identifies an input process rather tha... | ecosystem-v4-definition | [
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food-web-v4-college | A species need not occupy one fixed rung | concept:food-web | ecological-connections | college | plain | textbook_explanation | # A species need not occupy one fixed rung
A food web shows the linked feeding paths among living things in a specified setting. A food chain traces one linear route of feeding and energy transfer; a food web connects overlapping pathways. An ecosystem includes interacting organisms and nonliving surroundings, so the ... | food-web-v4-definition | [
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pollination-v4-college | Each reproductive stage adds information | concept:pollination | ecological-connections | college | plain | textbook_explanation | # Each reproductive stage adds information
Pollination is the transfer of pollen to a receptive structure in a seed plant. Its carriers can include animals, wind and water. A pollinator is an animal functioning as a pollen-transfer agent in a particular relationship; a nonliving transfer agent is a carrier such as win... | pollination-v4-definition | [
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plant-transpiration-v4-college | The same air does not determine every water-loss rate | concept:plant-transpiration | ecological-connections | college | plain | textbook_explanation | # The same air does not determine every water-loss rate
Plant transpiration is the loss of water as vapor from plant surfaces. The escaping water can help draw a stream from roots through xylem, the water-conducting tissue. A functioning internal pathway therefore connects surface loss to root supply. This identifies ... | plant-transpiration-v4-definition | [
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adaptation-v4-college | An observed difference does not identify the whole causal path | concept:adaptation | ecological-connections | college | plain | textbook_explanation | An evolutionary adaptation is an inherited feature shaped across generations by differences in survival and reproduction in a particular environment.
When an environment changes, inherited differences can have different relative advantages. A feature that helps individuals leave more surviving offspring in one context... | adaptation-v4-definition | [
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v4:climate:college | Climate | concept:climate | climate-patterns | college | plain | textbook_explanation | Climate is the pattern of weather in a place over many years, including usual conditions and how they vary. A conditional model projection differs from an observed outcome because a projection is an account of possible future changes produced by a climate model under stated conditions, whereas an observed outcome is wh... | v4:earth-processes:climate:definition | [
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v4:earth-processes:water-cycle-college | Water routes and stores | concept:water-cycle | earth-processes | college | plain | textbook_explanation | The water cycle is the movement and storage of water among Earth’s air, surface and underground places, with different possible routes and lengths of stay. Solar energy provides most of the energy driving the circulation, and gravity governs much downward movement. Keeping energy supply separate from the direction of a... | v4:earth-processes:water-cycle:definition | [
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] | [] | true | false | true | pending_root_and_independent_prose_review | f55b813736d9d334ebe561483d92d1577cf43529d11412fee6c879af1e89f938 | 29a9b8382a9bb129fd485a7bd010679ef177937fa11c31b7b2eae574e0fd432a | v2.2 | all_current_indexed_articles_maintainer_directed | cc-by-4.0 |
v4:earth-processes:weather-college | Conditions, records and predictions | concept:weather | earth-processes | college | plain | textbook_explanation | Weather is the condition of the air at a stated place and time. Standardized units, numerical measurements and observation networks make comparisons possible across locations and times. An observation is a record of selected atmospheric conditions, so its place, time and measured quantity belong to the comparison. Comp... | v4:earth-processes:weather:definition | [
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"concept:climate"
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v4:earth-processes:erosion-college | How surface material moves | concept:erosion | earth-processes | college | plain | textbook_explanation | Erosion is the removal and movement of Earth’s surface material by moving water, wind, ice or gravity. To explain water erosion, identify both removal and transport. Flowing water can scrape a surface, carry material in dissolved form or transport particles in suspension, meaning particles held and carried in the water... | v4:earth-processes:erosion:definition | [
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v4:earth-processes:rock-college | Rock properties and formation | concept:rock | earth-processes | college | plain | textbook_explanation | A rock is naturally formed material held together as a solid, made of minerals, mineral-like substances or material from living things. Its texture, color and hardness can vary. Texture describes the arrangement and character of parts, while hardness and color describe other properties. Variation makes description impo... | v4:earth-processes:rock:definition | [
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geographic-map-v4-college | Geographic maps: reference, geometry and information | concept:geographic-map | map-representations | college | plain | textbook_explanation | # Geographic maps: reference, geometry and information
A geographic map is a selective representation of places, features or spatial relationships using stated reference, scale and symbol conventions. Route maps place selected exploration, trade or migration paths in a geographic setting. Relating the path to location... | v4:map-representations:geographic-map:definition | [
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v4:everyday-choices:household-budget-college | Planning household money | concept:household-budget | everyday-choices | college | plain | textbook_explanation | A household budget is a plan for money expected to come in and go out over a stated time, related to household goals. Income, money received during the period, can come from work or gifts; neither source is guaranteed for a particular household. Expenses are the costs or payment categories the plan addresses. Classifyi... | household-budget-v4-definition | [
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] | [] | true | false | true | pending_root_and_independent_prose_review | f55b813736d9d334ebe561483d92d1577cf43529d11412fee6c879af1e89f938 | 9fa335cde4ee3e0cc8c623d83f0818aaca196bd1460ab244f08417a702eff725 | v2.2 | all_current_indexed_articles_maintainer_directed | cc-by-4.0 |
v4:everyday-choices:unit-price-comparison-college | Comparing cost for equal amounts | concept:unit-price-comparison | everyday-choices | college | plain | textbook_explanation | Unit price comparison compares money cost for the same amount of compatible goods under stated purchase conditions. Package price is the complete money outlay, while unit price divides that outlay by usable quantity. For compatible goods, let C1 and C2 be nonnegative complete costs and q1 and q2 positive quantities in ... | unit-price-comparison-v4-definition | [
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"unit price",
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] | [] | true | false | true | pending_root_and_independent_prose_review | f55b813736d9d334ebe561483d92d1577cf43529d11412fee6c879af1e89f938 | 33b991357359400daebbea4ca05491242daf824a28f8e7a7f7b91da1099aa3e3 | v2.2 | all_current_indexed_articles_maintainer_directed | cc-by-4.0 |
v4:everyday-choices:opportunity-cost-college | What a feasible choice gives up | concept:opportunity-cost | everyday-choices | college | plain | textbook_explanation | Opportunity cost is the value of the best feasible alternative forgone when a choice is made. The alternatives must be genuine competing uses of limited resources, valued on a consistent net basis. Time and materials can be committed just as money can: when uses are incompatible, the same resources cannot serve both. T... | opportunity-cost-v4-definition | [
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] | [] | true | false | true | pending_root_and_independent_prose_review | f55b813736d9d334ebe561483d92d1577cf43529d11412fee6c879af1e89f938 | 52343db13cd1c5f52a89023e13c9c80d614b7cfb3a23d3f781b4c524a15e1928 | v2.2 | all_current_indexed_articles_maintainer_directed | cc-by-4.0 |
v4:everyday-choices:simple-interest-calculation-college | Interest on an unchanged starting amount | concept:simple-interest-calculation | everyday-choices | college | plain | textbook_explanation | Simple interest calculation works out interest on a stated starting amount without adding earlier interest to that amount. An unchanged nonnegative principal P and rate r give equal interest increments over equal time intervals. Principal means the stated calculation base, while the interest rate gives interest per uni... | simple-interest-calculation-v4-definition | [
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noun-word-class-v4-college | Noun Word Class — college | concept:noun-word-class | language-structure | college | plain | textbook_explanation | # Noun Word Class — college
In a stated language’s grammatical analysis, a noun belongs to the class of words that can head expressions used as subjects, objects or complements and combine with determiners and other modifiers. The semantic reach of nouns includes people, groups, places and physical objects, but also n... | null | [
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verb-word-class-v4-college | Verb Word Class — college | concept:verb-word-class | language-structure | college | plain | textbook_explanation | # Verb Word Class — college
A verb is a word in a class identified by its grammatical behavior in a particular language, commonly used for actions, events or states. Verbal forms can encode tense, aspect, mood and agreement. These concern time, presentation of an event, grammatical stance and relations among grammatic... | null | [
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"verbal form",
"grammatical distinction",
"category adaptation"... | [] | false | false | true | null | f55b813736d9d334ebe561483d92d1577cf43529d11412fee6c879af1e89f938 | 585de5fa6efec9aff2b73483e4a5a92da7fd27c49bf0df79bceac2021a5b51b7 | v2.2 | all_current_indexed_articles_maintainer_directed | cc-by-4.0 |
adjective-word-class-v4-college | Adjective Word Class — college | concept:adjective-word-class | language-structure | college | plain | textbook_explanation | # Adjective Word Class — college
An adjective is a word in a language-specific class used to give properties of what is being discussed, where that class is recognized. A comparative, in a gradable use, relates a greater or lesser degree to another entity; a superlative identifies an extreme within a relevant set. The... | null | [
"v4:language-structure:adjective-word-class:f1",
"v4:language-structure:adjective-word-class:f2",
"v4:language-structure:adjective-word-class:f3",
"v4:language-structure:adjective-word-class:f4",
"v4:language-structure:adjective-word-class:f5"
] | [
"adjective",
"gradable use",
"comparative",
"superlative",
"noun",
"subject",
"object",
"complement",
"determiner",
"modifier",
"noun phrase",
"attributive use",
"predicative use",
"linking verb",
"grammatical case",
"determiner phrase",
"lexical availability",
"discourse framing",... | [] | false | false | true | null | f55b813736d9d334ebe561483d92d1577cf43529d11412fee6c879af1e89f938 | f6e4c900c2c4a75dca0485588598a92a6fb096f2f1e7be2b982e51c3acf96bf3 | v2.2 | all_current_indexed_articles_maintainer_directed | cc-by-4.0 |
sentence-v4-college | Sentence — college | concept:sentence | language-structure | college | plain | textbook_explanation | # Sentence — college
A sentence is a unit of language treated as complete for a stated grammatical or communication purpose. Structural classifications distinguish sentence categories such as simple, compound, complex and compound-complex within a chosen grammatical analysis. Such a classification organizes evidence a... | null | [
"v4:language-structure:sentence:f1",
"v4:language-structure:sentence:f2",
"v4:language-structure:sentence:f3",
"v4:language-structure:sentence:f4",
"v4:language-structure:sentence:f5"
] | [
"sentence",
"syntactic structure",
"simple",
"compound",
"complex",
"compound-complex",
"statement",
"communicative force",
"proposition",
"clause",
"finite verb",
"information structure",
"topic",
"comment",
"focus",
"assumed information",
"written boundary marker",
"capitalizatio... | [] | false | false | true | null | f55b813736d9d334ebe561483d92d1577cf43529d11412fee6c879af1e89f938 | 24885eba15231f28e70a1ef8a283bddbf5e7d040b303df7a6dd587307769c514 | v2.2 | all_current_indexed_articles_maintainer_directed | cc-by-4.0 |
binary-digit-v4-college | Binary digit | concept:binary-digit | binary-representation-and-meaning | college | plain | textbook_explanation | # Binary digit
A binary digit is one symbol or position that can take either of two declared values, usually 0 and 1. An eight-bit byte groups eight such positions into a larger data unit. This separates the number of positions organized together from the values available at each position: grouping changes the structu... | null | [
"binary-digit-v4-f1",
"binary-digit-v4-f2",
"binary-digit-v4-f3",
"binary-digit-v4-f4",
"binary-digit-v4-f5"
] | [
"bit",
"byte",
"abstract domain",
"physical implementation",
"binary numeral",
"Boolean value",
"AND",
"OR",
"NOT",
"XOR",
"prior probability"
] | [] | true | false | true | null | f55b813736d9d334ebe561483d92d1577cf43529d11412fee6c879af1e89f938 | 37e836be9c376bb0fa1b1a7805dcdc247f3ce7075b304ce95ca2f8acf3f04bf7 | v2.2 | all_current_indexed_articles_maintainer_directed | cc-by-4.0 |
binary-numeral-v4-college | Binary numeral | concept:binary-numeral | binary-representation-and-meaning | college | plain | textbook_explanation | A binary numeral is a representation of a number using positional base-two notation.
Consider the hypothetical comparison of 10110 in binary, 22 in decimal, and 16 in hexadecimal. These are three written representations of the same number, but each must be read using its own base and place values. Decimal is base ten,... | null | [
"binary-numeral-v4-f1",
"binary-numeral-v4-f2",
"binary-numeral-v4-f3",
"binary-numeral-v4-f4",
"binary-numeral-v4-f5"
] | [
"decimal",
"hexadecimal",
"positional notation",
"binary digit",
"place value",
"encoded text"
] | [] | true | false | true | null | f55b813736d9d334ebe561483d92d1577cf43529d11412fee6c879af1e89f938 | 984037a0d45a18162a5791177cf08c141dde517b26c91811966e2ea8202be061 | v2.2 | all_current_indexed_articles_maintainer_directed | cc-by-4.0 |
boolean-value-v4-college | Boolean value | concept:boolean-value | binary-representation-and-meaning | college | plain | textbook_explanation | A Boolean value is one of the two truth values, true and false, in a two-valued system.
Consider a hypothetical catalog with four records and two declared Boolean conditions: “has a diagram” and “has a transcript.” In the first record, diagram is true and transcript is false. In the second, diagram is false and transc... | null | [
"boolean-value-v4-f1",
"boolean-value-v4-f2",
"boolean-value-v4-f3",
"boolean-value-v4-f4",
"boolean-value-v4-f5"
] | [
"Boolean query",
"AND",
"inclusive OR",
"NOT",
"truth table",
"short-circuit evaluation",
"bit",
"truthiness"
] | [] | true | false | true | null | f55b813736d9d334ebe561483d92d1577cf43529d11412fee6c879af1e89f938 | 6566b56afc25004b2223825390b215c18fa1595747373e01b5ee4e2b70a0e0dc | v2.2 | all_current_indexed_articles_maintainer_directed | cc-by-4.0 |
data-representation-v4-college | Data representation | concept:data-representation | binary-representation-and-meaning | college | plain | textbook_explanation | Data representation is the organization of information into forms that computers can store and use.
Detecting an error and helping repair an error accomplish different things. Parity bits and checksums can reveal some errors in data that is stored or transmitted. Forward error correction adds information that can help... | null | [
"data-representation-v4-f1",
"data-representation-v4-f2",
"data-representation-v4-f3",
"data-representation-v4-f4",
"data-representation-v4-f5"
] | [
"parity bits",
"checksums",
"forward error correction",
"quantization",
"encoding",
"byte order",
"RGB",
"YUV"
] | [] | true | false | true | null | f55b813736d9d334ebe561483d92d1577cf43529d11412fee6c879af1e89f938 | a78be18bafe20068a45530fb8968d16f89444bf6e307252f650edd82fca4672a | v2.2 | all_current_indexed_articles_maintainer_directed | cc-by-4.0 |
information-encoding-v4-college | Information encoding | concept:information-encoding | binary-representation-and-meaning | college | plain | textbook_explanation | Information encoding is a systematic mapping from information to representational symbols or states.
Consider a hypothetical text exchange that sends exactly one written letter, A or B. The sender and recipient know which proposed scheme is being used, and the recipient receives the token exactly as the sender produce... | null | [
"information-encoding-v4-f1",
"information-encoding-v4-f2",
"information-encoding-v4-f3",
"information-encoding-v4-f4",
"information-encoding-v4-f5"
] | [
"encoding",
"decoding",
"binary digit",
"Unicode",
"code point",
"encoding form",
"source coding",
"channel coding",
"error-correcting codes"
] | [] | true | false | true | null | f55b813736d9d334ebe561483d92d1577cf43529d11412fee6c879af1e89f938 | 0da8d62dd06037e7d3a44de4f8955c871ba8337117eeaea3a4b316de63470114 | v2.2 | all_current_indexed_articles_maintainer_directed | cc-by-4.0 |
algorithm-v4-college | Algorithms: information, representation and resources | concept:algorithm | program-state-control | college | plain | textbook_explanation | An algorithm is a specified computational procedure for transforming inputs into outputs.
Binary search can validly eliminate part of a sequence only when its values are ordered, the sequence is stable and finite, and comparisons are consistent. It compares a target with the middle entry of the remaining interval. In ... | algorithm-v4-definition | [
"algorithm-v4-f1",
"algorithm-v4-f2",
"algorithm-v4-f3",
"algorithm-v4-f4",
"algorithm-v4-f5"
] | [
"binary search",
"correctness",
"efficiency",
"computer program",
"syntax"
] | [] | true | false | true | null | f55b813736d9d334ebe561483d92d1577cf43529d11412fee6c879af1e89f938 | 2af463125e35c6f71abb48565e8018d912222fb95538ba0eb39bb98bf734086e | v2.2 | all_current_indexed_articles_maintainer_directed | cc-by-4.0 |
program-iteration-v4-college | Program iteration: preservation and conditional conclusions | concept:program-iteration | program-state-control | college | plain | textbook_explanation | # Program iteration: preservation and conditional conclusions
Program iteration is repeated execution of computational operations under a specified count, traversal or condition rule. Its repetition may continue without ending when a terminating condition is absent or never reached. A proof about repeated states must ... | program-iteration-v4-definition | [
"program-iteration-v4-f2",
"program-iteration-v4-f3",
"program-iteration-v4-f4",
"program-iteration-v4-f6",
"program-iteration-v4-f7"
] | [
"program iteration",
"loop guard",
"loop invariant",
"postcondition",
"finite induction",
"normal exit",
"break",
"continue",
"convergence",
"assertion",
"numerical solver",
"termination"
] | [] | true | false | true | null | f55b813736d9d334ebe561483d92d1577cf43529d11412fee6c879af1e89f938 | e387ffbf68c527f7c88324ca961390adb687d869973e99f244d0a0e745bbb148 | v2.2 | all_current_indexed_articles_maintainer_directed | cc-by-4.0 |
program-selection-v4-college | Program selection: semantic choice and its representations | concept:program-selection | program-state-control | college | plain | textbook_explanation | # Program selection: semantic choice and its representations
Program selection chooses a computational path according to a specified condition or matching rule. In conditional selection, the current data and execution state supply information used by the choice. A single written construct can select different paths on... | program-selection-v4-definition | [
"program-selection-v4-f1",
"program-selection-v4-f2",
"program-selection-v4-f3",
"program-selection-v4-f4",
"program-selection-v4-f5"
] | [
"program selection",
"condition",
"binary search",
"ascending order",
"candidate interval",
"duplicate policy",
"program iteration",
"control-flow graph",
"machine branch",
"conditional move",
"source-level choice"
] | [] | true | false | true | null | f55b813736d9d334ebe561483d92d1577cf43529d11412fee6c879af1e89f938 | 0dcc2a05a7cbe961effb4ce25815cf2cc1234ac603fdbfe8eaaead213335beb0 | v2.2 | all_current_indexed_articles_maintainer_directed | cc-by-4.0 |
v4:artery:college | Artery: connected mechanisms | concept:artery | human-blood-circuit | college | plain | textbook_explanation | An artery is a blood vessel in which blood travels away from the heart.
Arteries can change diameter in ways that modify regional blood flow. Constriction narrows a vessel, whereas dilation widens it. These diameter changes modify vascular resistance and regional blood flow, although arterial muscle affects flow toget... | v4:human-blood-circuit:artery:definition | [
"v4:human-blood-circuit:artery:f1",
"v4:human-blood-circuit:artery:f2",
"v4:human-blood-circuit:artery:f3",
"v4:human-blood-circuit:artery:f4",
"v4:human-blood-circuit:artery:f5"
] | [
"artery",
"capillary",
"arteriole",
"systemic",
"pulmonary",
"tunica intima",
"tunica media",
"tunica adventitia",
"smooth muscle",
"elastic fiber",
"constriction",
"dilation",
"vascular resistance"
] | [] | true | false | true | regenerated_pending_current_native_review_screening_and_explicit_E11 | f55b813736d9d334ebe561483d92d1577cf43529d11412fee6c879af1e89f938 | 27a8a4e8a83f66f05e528e8671ce088dcec8300c7a15c978b4c9a7b6f8a8cdd0 | v2.2 | all_current_indexed_articles_maintainer_directed | cc-by-4.0 |
v4:capillary:college | Capillary: connected mechanisms | concept:capillary | human-blood-circuit | college | plain | textbook_explanation | A capillary is a tiny vessel in the body’s blood-vessel network. The lining usually has a single endothelial-cell layer, supporting transfer between blood and tissue. Endothelial cells form the vessel’s inner lining. The thin cell layer is an exchange boundary, rather than a complete specification of every supporting s... | null | [
"v4:human-blood-circuit:capillary:f1",
"v4:human-blood-circuit:capillary:f2",
"v4:human-blood-circuit:capillary:f3",
"v4:human-blood-circuit:capillary:f4",
"v4:human-blood-circuit:capillary:f5"
] | [
"capillary",
"endothelial cell",
"arteriole",
"venule",
"capillary bed",
"continuous capillary",
"fenestrated capillary",
"solute",
"arteriolar tone"
] | [] | false | false | true | pending_prose_review | f55b813736d9d334ebe561483d92d1577cf43529d11412fee6c879af1e89f938 | e14c7085095efb07bbd32b422fa395f24133ce39286b2228f17d16a290b48363 | v2.2 | all_current_indexed_articles_maintainer_directed | cc-by-4.0 |
v4:circulation:college | Circulation: connected mechanisms | concept:circulation | human-blood-circuit | college | plain | textbook_explanation | Human blood circulation is the movement of blood through the heart and connected blood vessels. The normal human arrangement after birth connects pulmonary and systemic routes through different heart chambers. Pulmonary names the lung route and systemic the body route. Right-ventricular output travels through the lungs... | null | [
"v4:human-blood-circuit:circulation:f1",
"v4:human-blood-circuit:circulation:f2",
"v4:human-blood-circuit:circulation:f3",
"v4:human-blood-circuit:circulation:f4",
"v4:human-blood-circuit:circulation:f5"
] | [
"circulation",
"pulmonary",
"systemic",
"ventricle",
"atrium",
"artery",
"vein",
"capillary",
"arteriole",
"arteriolar tone",
"valve",
"cardiac output",
"heart rate",
"stroke volume"
] | [
"concept:artery",
"concept:vein",
"concept:capillary"
] | true | false | true | pending_prose_review | f55b813736d9d334ebe561483d92d1577cf43529d11412fee6c879af1e89f938 | b0b0e478406cce5c68ef3e25d3e78190cbbb6946e4a1e6bf020ee0416cd16b16 | v2.2 | all_current_indexed_articles_maintainer_directed | cc-by-4.0 |
v4:human-heart:college | Human heart: connected mechanisms | concept:human-heart | human-blood-circuit | college | plain | textbook_explanation | The human heart is the muscular organ that pumps blood through the body’s blood vessels.
Beneath the inner lining of the ventricular walls, a fine branching network of Purkinje fibers distributes electrical signals. The ventricles are the heart’s lower pumping chambers. Connections between Purkinje fibers and ordinary... | v4:human-blood-circuit:human-heart:definition | [
"v4:human-blood-circuit:human-heart:f1",
"v4:human-blood-circuit:human-heart:f2",
"v4:human-blood-circuit:human-heart:f3",
"v4:human-blood-circuit:human-heart:f4",
"v4:human-blood-circuit:human-heart:f5",
"v4:human-blood-circuit:human-heart:f6"
] | [
"heart",
"ventricles",
"Purkinje fibers",
"excitation",
"myocardium",
"bundle of His",
"sinoatrial node",
"atria",
"atrioventricular node",
"aorta",
"artery"
] | [] | true | false | true | inactive_exact_CLI_college_sixfact_native_component_pending_G10_and_fullcluster | f55b813736d9d334ebe561483d92d1577cf43529d11412fee6c879af1e89f938 | 1f317f04f464d172b429c98f6b9336fc9b9ecf571e95f857bb75a10bcc5f743b | v2.2 | all_current_indexed_articles_maintainer_directed | cc-by-4.0 |
v4:vein:college | Vein: connected mechanisms | concept:vein | human-blood-circuit | college | plain | textbook_explanation | A vein is a blood vessel in which blood travels toward the heart.
In normal postnatal human circulation, returning blood converges on receiving chambers of the heart. The left atrium is the upper left receiving chamber, and pulmonary veins normally return oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to it. The right atrium is the... | v4:human-blood-circuit:vein:definition | [
"v4:human-blood-circuit:vein:f1",
"v4:human-blood-circuit:vein:f2",
"v4:human-blood-circuit:vein:f3",
"v4:human-blood-circuit:vein:f4",
"v4:human-blood-circuit:vein:f5"
] | [
"vein",
"artery",
"pulmonary vein",
"atrium",
"venule",
"valve",
"superior vena cava",
"inferior vena cava"
] | [] | true | false | true | regenerated_pending_current_native_review_screening_and_explicit_E11 | f55b813736d9d334ebe561483d92d1577cf43529d11412fee6c879af1e89f938 | 9bff81af569e529a4af19dc3a8123d94cf94b6271a94de24984ee75c8b5d961d | v2.2 | all_current_indexed_articles_maintainer_directed | cc-by-4.0 |
v4:human-large-intestine:college | Large intestine: organization and mechanism | concept:human-large-intestine | human-digestive-organs | college | plain | textbook_explanation | The human large intestine is the final major intestinal region after the small intestine. The organ recovers water and electrolytes, or dissolved salts, and thereby helps consolidate the material remaining in its lumen, the interior space, into feces. Water recovery is one part of a continuing physiological process rat... | null | [
"v4:human-digestive-organs:human-large-intestine:f1",
"v4:human-digestive-organs:human-large-intestine:f2",
"v4:human-digestive-organs:human-large-intestine:f3",
"v4:human-digestive-organs:human-large-intestine:f4",
"v4:human-digestive-organs:human-large-intestine:f5"
] | [
"large intestine",
"electrolytes",
"feces",
"colon",
"goblet cell",
"mucus",
"microbiota",
"fermentation",
"short-chain fatty acid",
"lymphoid tissue",
"cecum",
"rectum",
"lumen"
] | [
"concept:human-small-intestine"
] | true | false | true | pending_prose_review | f55b813736d9d334ebe561483d92d1577cf43529d11412fee6c879af1e89f938 | 16cfa0eeb2cedc746f6db6b0b02205e3fae92a211c5ee49d3d6b4881bcf1bc9a | v2.2 | all_current_indexed_articles_maintainer_directed | cc-by-4.0 |
v4:human-liver:college | Liver: organization and mechanism | concept:human-liver | human-digestive-organs | college | plain | textbook_explanation | The human liver is a large organ normally located in the upper right part of the abdomen. Its bile production links the organ to intestinal fat processing: bile acids disperse dietary fat into smaller droplets, increasing the surface accessible to pancreatic lipase and other digestive enzymes. This changes physical acc... | null | [
"v4:human-digestive-organs:human-liver:f1",
"v4:human-digestive-organs:human-liver:f2",
"v4:human-digestive-organs:human-liver:f3",
"v4:human-digestive-organs:human-liver:f4",
"v4:human-digestive-organs:human-liver:f5"
] | [
"liver",
"bile",
"bile acid",
"portal vein",
"hepatic artery",
"sinusoid",
"serum albumin",
"plasma",
"oncotic pressure",
"glycogen",
"glucose",
"Cytochrome P450",
"lipase"
] | [
"concept:human-pancreas"
] | true | false | true | pending_prose_review | f55b813736d9d334ebe561483d92d1577cf43529d11412fee6c879af1e89f938 | 6e733ea88fa165ad0eb7637effb20a304ce212a5a9fb69ef434b7dd6e219f5e6 | v2.2 | all_current_indexed_articles_maintainer_directed | cc-by-4.0 |
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
OpenGloss-Edu v2.2 — all current articles
This November 7, 2026 snapshot publishes all 2,274 articles in the current authoring index, as a maintainer-directed snapshot. It includes 453 articles marked training-ineligible in the source index. This is an as-is expansion of availability, not a claim that every article passed quality, fact, source-history, screening, or final release audits. Known defects and unresolved review holds remain. Do not interpret publication or the train split name as independent quality approval.
The default configuration deliberately includes every indexed article, without eligibility filtering. Bodies are unchanged. Selected metadata preserves the four source administrative/authoring flags described below; this is not a full export of the internal authoring index, its dependency annotations, or review history. Publication does not revise those original eligibility decisions or restart the source project’s paused editing work.
Contents
| Configuration | Articles |
|---|---|
grade_5 |
406 |
grade_10 |
934 |
college |
934 |
| default / total | 2,274 |
This is educational prose across conceptual subjects, anchored to the OpenGloss-based curriculum. Reading-level labels are authoring targets, not verified guarantees of age suitability or conceptual mastery. There is no pre-K or K–2 configuration in v2. This is distinct from the earlier, larger OpenGloss-Edu v1 corpus.
The source index has SHA-256 f55b813736d9d334ebe561483d92d1577cf43529d11412fee6c879af1e89f938. All 2,274 body hashes matched the index at export, and all body strings survived a local Parquet read-back unchanged. These are integrity checks, not factual or pedagogical validation. No new tokenizer census is claimed.
Review metadata
source_training_eligible: original administrative flag; 1,821 true and 453 false. True does not establish completed quality clearance.source_editorial_accepted: original flag; 2,272 true and 2 false. This differs from administrative eligibility and is not an independent audit result.source_reported_training_eligible: a separate original field, false throughout this snapshot; retained to avoid concealing contradictory/stale metadata.source_status: original authoring status, including null and pending values; not normalized into an approval.source_body_sha256,source_index_sha256: exact export identity.release_selection:all_current_indexed_articles_maintainer_directed; this describes selection, not review success.
The checks of the screening tools, source provenance, all article content, and the final release sample were still unresolved at the source checkpoint. Some articles were excluded for known prose, factual, source-support, or level-development defects. Those articles are intentionally present in this all-article release. The export selects article bodies and documented metadata, rather than source-review packets, raw source captures, private evaluations, proposals or logs. Bounded credential and numbered-street-address pattern checks across all exported string fields found zero matches; these checks are not a complete privacy audit. qa/screens.json now records export integrity and explicitly uncompleted quality/decontamination work; historical v2.1 QA remains available at its prior revision.
Schema and use
id, title, concept, cluster, level, register, form, text, definition_fact_id, fact_ids, introduced_terms, contrast_concept_ids, the source review flags above, release, release_selection, and license.
from datasets import load_dataset
all_articles = load_dataset("mjbommar/opengloss-edu-v2", split="train")
elementary = load_dataset("mjbommar/opengloss-edu-v2", "grade_5", split="train")
The text was authored with AI writing assistants. No new prose was generated or rewritten for this export. This data snapshot is offered under CC-BY-4.0, consistent with the earlier dataset releases; unresolved source-history checks are not presented as cleared. Facts and explanations can be wrong; short/simplified text is not necessarily correct, complete or well matched to its level.
Release history
| Version | Date | Articles | Scope |
|---|---|---|---|
| v2.0 | 2026-10-26 | 550 | Earlier selected release |
| v2.1 | 2026-10-28 | 649 | Earlier selected release; preserved by its tag/revision |
| v2.2 | 2026-11-07 | 2,274 | All current indexed articles, including source-ineligible articles |
v2.2 supersedes the files on main; it is not asserted to be a strict append-only extension of v2.1. Source IDs and bodies have changed through the authoring/recovery history. The existing v2.1 tag is verified before publication, and the previous main revision is additionally pinned before replacement. Earlier repository history is retained. release_manifest.json records per-row body hashes and file-level integrity metadata for this snapshot.
Schema changes from v2.1
v2.2 uses current authoring IDs and exports selected source metadata. The former domain, bundle_id, opengloss_source_ids, opengloss_sense_ids, objectives, illustrative_scenarios, words, n_tokens_alea, and first_release columns are not carried forward. Some have internal successors or annotations; they are not reconstructed as if their old bindings remained valid. Reading-level configs and the text field remain available. Prior schemas remain accessible at their pinned revisions/tags.
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