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0	How does one write the nation's modernity as the event of the everyday and the advent of the epochal? The laniDiage of national belonging comes laden with atavistic apologues, which has led Benedict Anderson to ask: 'But why do nations celebrate their hoariness, not their astonishing youth?'8 The nation's claim to mode...	Bhabha 1994 (Homi K. Anne F. Rothenberg Professor of English and American Literature and Language, and the Director of the Humanities Center at Harvard University “The Location of Culture” pg. 141-142 , Routledge 1994)	why do nations celebrate their hoariness, not their astonishing youth? nation's claim to modernity, as an autonomous or sovereign form of political rationality, is particularly questionable we adopt the postcolonial perspective: Nationalism . . . seeks to represent itself in the image of the Englightenment and fails to...	A) The Affirmatives construction of a “Nation-Space” manifests in distinction to a colonized Other- locking the colonial Other in a violent cycle.	1,978	147	993	317	22	159	0.069401	0.501577	Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5	Gonzaga (GDI)	Kritiks	2013
1	Modernization theory provided post-war society in the West, and especially the US, with a temporal and spatial identity, an identity that could only be effectively constructed in a relation of difference with another time and another space. In this sense the will to be modern designated two forms of separation. First, ...	Slater 2004 (David, Professor of Social and Political Geography at Loughborough University, “Geopolitics and the Post-colonial: Rethinking North-South Relations”, 62-3)	Modernization theory provided post-war society in the West, and especially the US, with a temporal and spatial identity, an identity that could only be effectively constructed in a relation of difference with another time and another space. These processes of separation were seen as being accompanied by transformations...	Use of the term modernization is a blanket to cover colonization	4,400	65	459	689	11	67	0.015965	0.097242	Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5	Gonzaga (GDI)	Kritiks	2013
2	As we have seen in the previous chapter, the emergence of the United States as a global power went together with a projection of notions of civilization, progress, democracy and order that posited a subordinate place for the societies of the non-West. The powers of expansion and intervention, both internally in the ter...	Slater 2004 (David, Professor of Social and Political Geography at Loughborough University, “Geopolitics and the Post-colonial: Rethinking North-South Relations”, p 57-58)	, the emergence of the United States as a global power went together with a projection of notions of civilization, progress, democracy and order that posited a subordinate place for the societies of the non-West. The powers of expansion and intervention, both internally in the territorial constitution of the United Sta...	The projection of power portrayed of the US gave them an entitled sense of superiority. The American ideas of “modernization” are all really outgrowths of what we believed to be progress.	5,047	187	2,273	784	31	348	0.039541	0.443878	Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5	Gonzaga (GDI)	Kritiks	2013
3	Frederick Jackson Turner (1962: 37-8), in his 1893 essay on the frontier in American history, argued that the process of settlement and colonization brought to life intellectual traits of profound importance-the emergence of a 'dominant individualism', a 'masterful grasp of material things', a 'practical, inventive tur...	Slater 2004 (David, Professor of Social and Political Geography at Loughborough University, “Geopolitics and the Post-colonial: Rethinking North-South Relations”, p 35-36)	the process of settlement and colonization brought to life intellectual traits of profound importance-the emergence of a 'dominant individualism', a 'masterful grasp of material things', a 'practical, inventive turn of mind', a 'restless, nervous energy', which all reflected the specificity of the American intellect fo...	The AFF manifest in a coloniality of American policy makers and society continuing the message of Manifest Destiny.	4,285	116	2,860	675	18	445	0.026667	0.659259	Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5	Gonzaga (GDI)	Kritiks	2013
4	In the beginning colonialism was a product of a systematic repression, not only of the specific beliefs, ideas, images, symbols or knowledge that were not useful to global colonial domination, while at the same time the colonizers were expropriating from the colonized their knowledge, specially in mining, agriculture, ...	Quijano 2007 (Aníbal, PhD National University of San Marcos Peru, “COLONIALITY AND MODERNITY/RATIONALITY,” Cultural Studies, volume: 21, 1, pg. 169,JC)	colonialism was a product of a systematic repression, not only of the specific beliefs, ideas, images, symbols or knowledge that were not useful to global colonial domination the colonizers were expropriating from the colonized their knowledge The repression fell, above all, over the modes of knowing, of producing know...	The assumed cultural norms of economic engagement entrenches a universal market aesthetic reenacting a pattern of domination inherent in colonial thought.	1,038	155	683	159	21	106	0.132075	0.666667	Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5	Gonzaga (GDI)	Kritiks	2013
5	The category of the coloniality of power is not, of course, without its defects. But it has fewer than others, as well as having some local and global additional advantages. So let the coloniality of power be taken in my essay for what it is: a hypothesis designed to grapple with hierarchy based on what Quijano terms t...	Saldívar 07 (Jose David, Professor of Ethnic Studies @ UC Berkeley, “Unsettling Race, Coloniality, and Caste,” Cultural Studies, volume: 21, pg. 346-7, MCJC)	the coloniality of power is not without its defects. let the coloniality of power be a hypothesis designed to grapple with hierarchy based on what Quijano terms the 'social classification The racial axis of mestizaje suggest that race, peasantry, and caste have proven to be more durable in our so-called postcolonial wo...	Capitalist motives perpetuate coloniality and the exclusion that it produces.	747	78	324	125	10	52	0.08	0.416	Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5	Gonzaga (GDI)	Kritiks	2013
6	These questions are provoked by Arendt's brilliant suggestiveness, for her writing symptomatically performs the perplexities she evokes. Having brought close together the unique meaning and the causal agent, she says that the 'invisible actor' is an 'invention arising from a mental perplexity' corresponding to no real ...	Bhabha 1994 (Homi K. Anne F. Rothenberg Professor of English and American Literature and Language, and the Director of the Humanities Center at Harvard University “The location of Culture” pg. 190-191) Routledge 1994	the 'invisible actor' is an 'invention arising from a mental perplexity' corresponding to no real experience. this anxious fantasm indicates most clearly the political nature of history So it is the realm of representation and the process of signification that constitutes the space of the political The 'reification' of...	Economic Engagement “towards” other countries is an act violent social mimesis, re-speaking the colonial position.	3,149	115	1,608	493	15	249	0.030426	0.505071	Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5	Gonzaga (GDI)	Kritiks	2013
7	Coloniality is different from colonialism. Colonialism denotes a political and economic relation in which the sovereignty of a nation or a people rests on the power of another nation, which makes such nation an empire. Coloniality, instead, refers to long-standing patterns of power that emerged as a result of coloniali...	Maldonado-Torres 07 (Nelson, “On the Coloniality of Being,” Cultural Studies, volume: 21, pg. 243, MCJC)	Coloniality is different from colonialism Colonialism denotes a political and economic relation in which the sovereignty of a nation or a people rests on the power of another nation Coloniality, instead, refers to long-standing patterns of power that emerged as a result of colonialism, but that define culture, labor, i...	Coloniality frames the way that we function.	1,520	45	1,187	233	7	180	0.030043	0.772532	Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5	Gonzaga (GDI)	Kritiks	2013
8	In a recent work, Arturo Escobar (2003) makes the argument for the need to take seriously the epistemic force of local histories and the need to think theory through the political praxis of subaltern groups. What such argument points to is not the incorporation or inclusion of the histories, praxis, and 'other' thought...	Walsh 07 (Catherine, “Shifting the Geopolitic of Critical Knowledge,” Cultural Studies, volume: 21, pg. 234-5, MCJC)	Escobar akes the argument for the need to take seriously the epistemic force of local histories and the need to think theory through the political praxis of subaltern groups. such argument points suggests the building of new places and new communities of thought, interpretation, and intervention that seek to generate a...	Epistemological decolonization is key to liberating those imprisoned by coloniality.	2,069	85	1,185	330	10	182	0.030303	0.551515	Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5	Gonzaga (GDI)	Kritiks	2013
9	It is not an accident that the conceptualization of the world-system, from decolonial perspectives of the South will question its traditional conceptualizations produced by thinkers from the North. Following Peruvian Sociologist, Anı´bal Quijano (1991, 1998, 2000), we could conceptualize the present world-system as a h...	Grosfoguel 07 (Ramon, “The Epistemic Decolonial Turn,” Cultural Studies, volume: 21, pg. 217, MCJC)	the conceptualization of the world-system, from decolonial perspectives will question its traditional conceptualizations we could conceptualize the present world-system as a historical-structural heterogeneous totality with a specific power matrix that he calls a ‘colonial power matrix’ This matrix affects social exist...	The colonial power matrix installs an intersectional matrix of oppressions.	2,872	76	1,564	412	10	222	0.024272	0.538835	Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5	Gonzaga (GDI)	Kritiks	2013
10	As Quijano suggested above, a key element of this modern classificatory model of power is the binary articulation of a new planetary geohistorical and biocultural identities based on the idea of “race.” This entailed the process through which corporeality or body/nature was violently separated from “non-body” (“subject...	Ikeotuonye 07 (Festus is a writer, activist and Fellow at the School of Sociology, University College Dublin, Republic of Ireland, “Connexus Theory and the Agonistic Binary of Coloniality: Revisiting Fanon’s Legacy”, pg. #212, BW)	a key element of this modern classificatory model of power is the idea of “race. The colonization of the body/ nature by the secularized forms of the “spirit/soul” is the nerve centre of the colonial world The implication of this binary separation embodies a radical view on which to organize and classify the world in s...	Colonialism is the foothold for biopower and racism – European thought is predicated off the assumption of a white exceptionalism	4,425	130	1,693	706	20	265	0.028329	0.375354	Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5	Gonzaga (GDI)	Kritiks	2013
11	Coloniality as both a concept and lived reality provides a foundational context for understanding this 'other' intellectual production in Latin America in general and in the Andes in particular. While colonialism ended with independence, coloniality is a model of power that continues. Central to the establishment of th...	Walsh 07 (Catherine, “Shifting the Geopolitic of Critical Knowledge,” Cultural Studies, volume: 21, pg. 228-9, MCJC)	Coloniality as both a concept and lived reality provides a foundational context for understanding this 'other' intellectual production in Latin America While colonialism ended with independence, coloniality is a model of power that continues. Central to the establishment of this model was the codification of difference...	Colonialism created the hierarchy for exclusion.	1,500	49	1,070	222	6	156	0.027027	0.702703	Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5	Gonzaga (GDI)	Kritiks	2013
12	IT is MY perception that the shape of the signifying process as it applies to indigenous peoples is formed by a certain semiotic field, a field that provides the boundaries within which the images of the indigene function. The existence of this semiotic field constitutes an important aspect of the ‘subjugated knowledge...	Ashcroft, Griffiths, and Tiffin 95 (Bill, Gareth, Helen, Professors at the University of NSW, University of Western Australia, Queen’s University, The Post-Colonial Studies Reader, p. 232-234, AM)	the shape of the signifying process as it applies to indigenous peoples is formed by a certain semiotic field, a field that provides the boundaries within which the images of the indigene function. The indigene is a semiotic pawn on a chess board under the control of the white signmaker. the individual signmaker, can m...	Lack of understanding leads to objectification and rejection of the “Other” from a society that is familiar to the “Subject”	6,060	124	2,456	963	20	390	0.020768	0.404984	Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5	Gonzaga (GDI)	Kritiks	2013
13	The idea that humanity is universally defined by the separation from nature first emerged in seventeenthcentury Europe and developed in tandem with the industrial revolution, as the appropriation of land increased, accompanied by the increasing demand for natural resources. It is again crucial to bear in mind that this...	Ikeotuonye 07(Festus is a writer, activist and Fellow at the School of Sociology, University College Dublin, Republic of Ireland, “Connexus Theory and the Agonistic Binary of Coloniality: Revisiting Fanon’s Legacy”, pg. #213, BW)	The idea that humanity is universally defined by the separation from nature first emerged in Europe with the industrial revolution this “universally defined” split is by no means universal. The cleaving of mind from nature is again specific to the Western world. This was quite clear to a progeny of Africans enslaved by...	Western European globalization is the root cause for environmental exploitation – Western identity sees nature as a frontier to be tamed, whereas the natives were one with nature	1,031	178	732	179	28	129	0.156425	0.72067	Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5	Gonzaga (GDI)	Kritiks	2013
14	Such invasion of the human spirit, such painful process of forced adherence and identification with the oppressor’s version of the world, causes two indelible marks in the spirits of the colonised according to Fanon (1967). On the one hand, the feeling of inferiority, for the reason that even once assimilated, the colo...	Nieto, Ph.D in Public Policy in the University of Massachusetts Boston, 2007 [David, Summer 2007, “The Emperor’s New Worlds Language and Colonization,” Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of self-Knowledge, Volume:5 special double issue, page #2 , TZ]	invasion of the human spirit, such painful process of forced adherence and identification with the oppressor’s version of the world, causes two indelible marks in the spirits of the colonised the feeling of inferiority, for the reason that even once assimilated, the colonized are never considered equals, and they are c...	Our perception of language destroys the human spirit of all deemed another	1,525	74	943	251	12	154	0.047809	0.613546	Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5	Gonzaga (GDI)	Kritiks	2013
15	Coloniality of power was conceived together with America and Western Europe, and with the social category of 'race' as the key element of the social classification of colonized and colonizers. Unlike in any other previous experience of colonialism, the old ideas of superiority of the dominant, and the inferiority of do...	Quijano 2007 (Aníbal, PhD National University of San Marcos Peru, “COLONIALITY AND MODERNITY/RATIONALITY,” Cultural Studies, volume: 21, 1, pg. 171, JC)	the old ideas of superiority of the dominant, and the inferiority of dominated under European colonialism were mutated in a relationship of biologically and structurally superior and inferior. The process of Eurocentrification gave way to the imposition of such a 'racial' criteria to the new social classification of th...	Colonization leads to racism.	2,371	30	1,367	348	4	200	0.011494	0.574713	Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5	Gonzaga (GDI)	Kritiks	2013
16	Monstrosity? Literary meteorite? Delirium of a sick imagination? Come, now! How convenient it is! The truth is that Lautreamont had only to look the iron man forged by capitalist society squarely in the eye to perceive the monster, the everyday monster, his hero. No one denies the veracity of Balzac. But wait a moment:...	Césaire 1972 (Aimé, Francophone poet, author and politician from Martinique. "one of the founders of the négritude movement in Francophone literature, “Discourse on Colonialism” Translated by Joan Pinkham) Monthly Review Press: New York and London, 1972.	the iron man forged by capitalist society squarely in the eye to perceive the monster, the everyday monster the same world, the same man, hard, inflexible, unscrupulous, fond, if ever a man was, of "the flesh of other men. the evil power of gold and the hoarding up of money the enemy, the cannibalistic, brain-devouring...	As long as colonialism exists there can be nothing but violence, corruption and barbarism	3,612	89	1,142	615	14	191	0.022764	0.310569	Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5	Gonzaga (GDI)	Kritiks	2013
17	However, that specific colonial structure of power produced the specific social discriminations which later were codified as ‘racial’, ‘ethnic’, ‘anthropological’ or ‘national’, according to the times, agents, and populations involved. These intersubjective constructions, product of Eurocentered colonial domination wer...	Quijano 2007 (Aníbal, PhD National University of San Marcos Peru , “COLONIALITY AND MODERNITY/RATIONALITY,” Cultural Studies, volume: 21, 1, pg. 168-169,JC)	specific colonial structure of power produced the social discriminations which later were codified as ‘racial’, ‘ethnic’, ‘anthropological’ or ‘national’ These intersubjective constructions, product of Eurocentered colonial domination were even assumed to be ‘objective’ categories of a historical significance if we obs...	Colonialism shaped the systems of discrimination that dominates the racial, political, and social hierarchal.	1,740	110	967	273	14	144	0.051282	0.527473	Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5	Gonzaga (GDI)	Kritiks	2013
18	The White and the Black, the European and the Oriental, the colonizer and the colonized are all representations that function only in relation to each other and (despite appearances) have no real necessary basis in nature, biology or rationality. Colonialism in an abstract machine that produces alterity and identity. A...	Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Associate Professor of Literature @ Duke and independent researcher and currently an inmate at the Rebibbia prison in Rome, formerly a lecturer in Politics at Paris University and a Professor of political science at the University of Padua, “Empire” Harvard University Press, 2000, pg. 1...	The White and the Black, the European and the Oriental, the colonizer and the colonized are all representations that function only in relation to each other and have no real necessary basis in nature, biology or rationality. Colonialism in an abstract machine that produces alterity and identity. the dialectical interpr...	Colonization of the “Other” leads to an Increasingly Violent Struggle of Life and Death	1,823	87	1,179	277	14	176	0.050542	0.635379	Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5	Gonzaga (GDI)	Kritiks	2013
19	In the logic of colonialist representations, the construction of a separate colonized other and the segregation of identity and alterity turns out paradoxically to be at once absolute and extremely intimate. The process consists, in fact, of two moments that are dialectically related. In the first moment difference has...	Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Associate Professor of Literature @ Duke and independent researcher and currently an inmate at the Rebibbia prison in Rome, formerly a lecturer in Politics at Paris University and a Professor of political science at the University of Padua, “Empire” Harvard University Press, 2000, pg. 1...	In the logic of colonialist representations, the construction of a separate colonized other and the segregation of identity and alterity turns out paradoxically to be at once absolute and extremely intimate it is grasped or produced as Other, as the absolute negation, as the most distant point on the horizon. The non-E...	Colonialization Leads to Absolute Otherization and Racial Terror	2,813	64	1,221	443	8	200	0.018059	0.451467	Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5	Gonzaga (GDI)	Kritiks	2013
20	At the political and administrative levels, the governing structures colonial imperialists established in the colonies, many of which survive more or less intact, continue, in numerous cases, to have devastating consequences - even if largely unintended (though by no means always, given the venerable place of divide et...	Shaikh 07 (Nermeen. Broadcast news producer and weekly co-host at Democracy Now!. Interrogating Charity and the Benevolence of Empire. United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Print.JMR)	the governing structures colonial imperialists established in the colonies many of which have devastating consequences the banalization of political violence (between native and settler) in colonial Rwanda, together with the consolidation of ethnic identities in the wake of decolonization with the institution and maint...	Genocide and Civil War is an inevitable product of postcolonial thinking—it banalizes political violence against the colonized	3,217	126	1,497	471	17	208	0.036093	0.441614	Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5	Gonzaga (GDI)	Kritiks	2013
21	The postcolonial perspective departs from the traditions of the sociology of underdevelopment or the "dependency" theory. As a mode of analysis it attempts to revise those nationalist or "nativist" pedagogies that set up the relation of Third and First Worlds in a binary structure of opposition. The postcolonial perspe...	Bhabha 92 (Homi, Professor of English and American Literature and Language, and the Director of the Humanities Center at Harvard University, Summer 1992, Freedom’s Basis in the Indeterminate, October, Vol. 61, The Identity in Question, pp. 46-57)	postcolonial perspective departs from the traditions of the sociology of underdevelopment or the "dependency" theory. it attempts to revise nationalist or "nativist" pedagogies that set up the relation of Third and First Worlds in a binary structure of opposition The perspective resists attempts to provide a holistic s...	Postcolonial thinking requires the recognition of cultural differences, key to prevent degrading of individuals to subalterns	3,610	126	1,551	518	16	222	0.030888	0.428571	Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5	Gonzaga (GDI)	Kritiks	2013
22	Postcolonial criticism bears witness to the unequal and uneven forces of cultural representation involved in the contest for political and social authority within the modern world order. Postcolonial perspectives emerge from the colonial or anticolonialist testimonies of Third World countries and from the testimony of ...	Bhabha 92 (Homi, Professor of English and American Literature and Language, and the Director of the Humanities Center at Harvard University, Summer 1992, Freedom’s Basis in the Indeterminate, October, Vol. 61, The Identity in Question, pp. 46-57)	Postcolonial criticism bears witness to the unequal and uneven forces of cultural representation in the contest for political and social authority within the modern world . perspectives emerge from the colonial or anticolonialist testimonies of Third World countries These intervene in the ideological discourses of mode...	Only radical change of social norms strays away from ideology	2,132	61	1,266	296	10	175	0.033784	0.591216	Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5	Gonzaga (GDI)	Kritiks	2013
23	Furthermore, and very much linked to issues of representation, a postcolonial perspective would question the geographies of reference for self and other, and their interrelation or intersubjectivity. What is missing in both Bauman and Foucault is a sense of the difference that colonialism or Empire makes to the ways in...	Slater 2004 (David, Professor of Social and Political Geography at Loughborough University, “Geopolitics and the Post-colonial: Rethinking North-South Relations”, p 19-21)	a postcolonial perspective would question the geographies of reference for self and other, and their interrelation or intersubjectivity. What is missing in both Bauman and Foucault is a sense of the difference that colonialism or Empire makes to the ways in which power, politics and knowledge combine and work out their...	Instead of accepting a Euro-American mindset of thinking of the “third world” as the “other” and subjecting the non-Western countries to subordination, accept the postcolonial mindset of rejecting the Western narrative.	4,242	219	2,789	651	31	417	0.047619	0.640553	Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5	Gonzaga (GDI)	Kritiks	2013
24	Thus, it can be argued that whereas within the frame of global politics there is more interdependence, the pace of cultural communication, military delivery, disease transmission and so on have accelerated, and that while global issues of refugees, ecology, arms control, organized crime and terrorism have become more i...	Slater 2004 (David, Professor of Social and Political Geography at Loughborough University, “Geopolitics and the Post-colonial: Rethinking North-South Relations”, p 23-24)	within the frame of global politics the territorial state remains the most visible and organized site of political action in the world But are all nation-states geopolitically positioned in the same way? Clearly they are not; and what needs stressing in the context of a post-colonial perspective on North-South relation...	Even though nation states are the most organized political sites in the world, some nation states are clearly positioned differently, which is an outgrowth of the coloniality and imperiality formerly imposed on the post colonial countries. Reject the aff-it embodies the colonial mindset.	2,415	288	1,646	368	43	254	0.116848	0.690217	Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5	Gonzaga (GDI)	Kritiks	2013
25	As I end let me return to the beginning of my article, to the fallen towers and falling idols. What has befallen the ideals and the ideas of global progress now that the New World is bereft of its towers, its towering ladder without rungs targeted as the symbol of our times? Such days that eerily hollow out the times a...	Bhabha ‘03(Homi K, Anne F. Rothenberg Professor of the Humanities in the Department of English at Harvard, the Director of the Humanities Center and the Senior Advisor on the Humanities to the President and Provost at Harvard University, "Democracy De-realized." Diogenes 50.1 (2003): 34-5, http://dio.sagepub.com/conten...	The unbuilt is not a place, that you can reach with a ladder; what is needed is a perspicuous vision that reveals a space, a way in the world, that is often obscured by the onward and upward thrust of progress Progress is its form rather than making progress being one of its features. Typically it constructs. It is occ...	The alternative is the Unbuilt of Colonial social construction, where we refuse to engage in their narrative of growth that comes at the expense of the Other.	1,939	159	1,113	336	27	192	0.080357	0.571429	Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5	Gonzaga (GDI)	Kritiks	2013
26	How does the deconstruction of the sign, the emphasis on indeterminism in cultural and political judgment, transform our sense of the subject of culture and the historical agent of change? If we contest the grand, continuist narratives, then what alternative temporalities do we create to articulate the contrapuntal (Sa...	Bhabha 92 (Homi, Professor of English and American Literature and Language, and the Director of the Humanities Center at Harvard University, Summer 1992, Freedom’s Basis in the Indeterminate, October, Vol. 61, The Identity in Question, pp. 46-57)	How does the deconstruction of the sign, the emphasis on indeterminism in cultural and political judgment, transform our sense of the subject of culture and the historical agent of change? what alternative temporalities do we create to articulate the contrapuntal (Said) or interruptive (Spivak) formations of race, gend...	Postcolonial translation of modern discourse shapes our understanding of the world	4,851	83	1,981	715	11	293	0.015385	0.40979	Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5	Gonzaga (GDI)	Kritiks	2013
27	Fanon also states that the dreams of the colonized constantly turn towards the desire to take the place of the colonizer. This desire of ‘becoming-Other’ is mirrored in the colonizer, who wants to become the colonized, making the colonized into the threat to the ‘natural order’ (Krautwurst 2003). This mutual desire of ...	Krebs 07 (Andreas Krebs, Phd University of Ottawa,“The Transcendent and the Postcolonial Violence in Derrida and Fanon”,pg. 93, BW)	the dreams of the colonized constantly turn towards the desire to take the place of the colonizer. This desire of ‘becoming-Other’ is mirrored in the colonizer a mutual desire of destruction The colonizer would like nothing better than to annihilate the colonized However, this annihilation would result in suicide The l...	In the colonial situation a desire of the Colony to destroy the colonized perpetuates a system of violence-only resisting the desire to become colonizer can the violence be overthrown through a symbolic upheaval.	8,426	213	4,526	1,269	33	679	0.026005	0.535067	Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5	Gonzaga (GDI)	Kritiks	2013
28	War is the opposite of the anarchical relation of absolute responsibility for the Other that gives birth to human subjectivity. The obliteration of the transontological takes the tendency of producing a world in which war becomes the norm, rather than the exception. That is the basic meaning of the coloniality of being...	Maldonado-Torres 07 (Nelson, PhD, Religious Studies with a Certificate for Outstanding Work in Africana Studies, Brown University, “On the Coloniality of Being,” Cultural Studies, volume: 21, pg. 243, MCJC)	The obliteration of the transontological takes the tendency of producing a world in which war becomes the norm, rather than the exception the basic meaning of the coloniality of being: the radical betrayal of the trans-ontological by the formation of a world in which the non-ethics of war become naturalized through the...	Decolonization creates a free flow of subjectivity where race, sex, and gender dynamics can be dismantled from the war frame constituting the colonial situation.	1,787	162	960	293	24	153	0.081911	0.522184	Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5	Gonzaga (GDI)	Kritiks	2013
29	Under the spell of neo-liberalism and the magic of the media promoting it, modernity and modernization, together with democracy, are being sold as a package trip to the promised land of happiness, a paradise where, for example, when you can no longer buy land because land itself is limited and not producible or monopol...	Mignolo 07 (Walter, professor@ Duke U on semiotics and literary theory, “DELINKING The rhetoric of modernity, the logic of coloniality and the grammar of de-coloniality,” Cultural Studies, volume:21, pg.450-2, MCJC)	Under the spell of neo-liberalism modernity and modernization, together with democracy, are being sold as a package trip to the promised land of happiness, Yet, when people have other ideas of how economy and society should be organized, they become subject to all kinds of direct and indirect violence The crooked rheto...	Decolonizing knowledge and being is essential in bringing down coloniality.	5,621	76	1,896	853	10	281	0.011723	0.329426	Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5	Gonzaga (GDI)	Kritiks	2013
30	The last statement may sound somewhat messianic but it is, nonetheless, an orientation that in the first decade of the twenty-first century has shown its potential and its viability. Such ‘destruction’ shall not be imagined as a global revolution lead by one concept of Totality that would be different from the modern o...	Mignolo 07 (Walter, professor@ Duke U on semiotics and literary theory, “DELINKING The rhetoric of modernity, the logic of coloniality and the grammar of de-coloniality,” Cultural Studies, volume:21, pg.452-3, MCJC)	Such ‘destruction’ shall not be imagined as a global revolution lead by one concept of Totality that would be different from the modern one, but equally totalitarian Quijano proposes a de-colonial epistemic shift epistemic de-colonization runs parallel to delinking. A delinking that leads to de-colonial epistemic shift...	Epistemic de-colonization collapses and delinks the political with coloniality	2,641	79	643	388	9	93	0.023196	0.239691	Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5	Gonzaga (GDI)	Kritiks	2013
31	From such a colonial encounter between the white presence and its black semblance, there emerges the question of the ambivalence of mimicry as a problematic of colonial subjection. For if Sade's scandalous theatricalization of language repeatedly reminds us that discourse can claim "no priority," then the work of E...	Bhaba 1984 (Homi K, Director of the Humanities Center at Harvard, 1984, "Of Mimicry and Man: The Ambivalence of Colonial Discourse” http://www.jstor.org/stable/778467)(pg. 131-133)	there emerges the question of the ambivalence of mimicry as a problematic of colonial subjection. Edward Said will not let us forget that the "ethnocentric and erratic will to power from which texts can spring"19 is itself a theater of war. Mimicry, as the metonymy of presence is, indeed, such an erratic, eccentric...	Mimcry breaks out of the traditional notion of colonization.	4,900	61	2,763	741	9	415	0.012146	0.560054	Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5	Gonzaga (GDI)	Kritiks	2013
32	The discourse of post-Enlightenment English colonialism often speaks in a tongue that is forked, not false. If colonialism takes power in the name of history, it repeatedly exercises its authority through the figures of farce. For the epic intention of the civilizing mission, "human and not wholly human" in the famous ...	Bhaba 1984 (Homi K, Director of the Humanities Center at Harvard, 1984, "Of Mimicry and Man: The Ambivalence of Colonial Discourse” http://www.jstor.org/stable/778467)(pg. 127)	discourse of post-Enlightenment English colonialism often speaks in a tongue that is forked, not false. If colonialism takes power in the name of history, it repeatedly exercises its authority through the figures of farce. For the epic intention of the civilizing mission, "human and not wholly human" mimicry emerges as...	Mimicry may be used as a tool to oppress the postcolonial subject, or a method to explode the postcolonial power matrix.	3,706	121	2,282	573	21	346	0.036649	0.603839	Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5	Gonzaga (GDI)	Kritiks	2013
33	The idea of totality in general is today questioned and denied in Europe, not only by the perennial empiricists, but also by an entire intellectual community that calls itself postmodernist. In fact, in Europe, the idea of totality is a product of colonial/modernity. And it is demonstrable, as we have seen above, that ...	Quijano 2007 (Aníbal, PhD National University of San Marcos Peru, “COLONIALITY AND MODERNITY/RATIONALITY,” Cultural Studies, volume: 21, 1, pg. 177, JC)	It is not necessary, however, to reject the whole idea of totality in order to divest oneself of the ideas and images with which it was elaborated within European colonial/modernity. What is to be done is something very different: to liberate the production of knowledge, reflection, and communication from the pitfalls ...	The alternative is to reject the aff – epistemological decolonization is necessary to clear the way for intercultural communication. Only then, can we liberate those who are imprisoned by coloniality.	4,244	201	1,704	653	30	261	0.045942	0.399694	Postcolonialism Kritik - Gonzaga 2013.html5	Gonzaga (GDI)	Kritiks	2013

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DebateSum

Corresponding code repo for the upcoming paper at ARGMIN 2020: "DebateSum: A large-scale argument mining and summarization dataset"

Arxiv pre-print available here: https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.07251

Check out the presentation date and time here: https://argmining2020.i3s.unice.fr/node/9

Full paper as presented by the ACL is here: https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.argmining-1.1/

Video of presentation at COLING 2020: https://underline.io/lecture/6461-debatesum-a-large-scale-argument-mining-and-summarization-dataset

The dataset is distributed as csv files.

A search engine over DebateSum (as well as some additional evidence not included in DebateSum) is available as debate.cards. It's very good quality and allows for the evidence to be viewed in the format that debaters use.

Data

DebateSum consists of 187328 debate documents, arguements (also can be thought of as abstractive summaries, or queries), word-level extractive summaries, citations, and associated metadata organized by topic-year. This data is ready for analysis by NLP systems.

Download

All data is accesable in a parsed format organized by topic year here

Addtionally, the trained word-vectors for debate2vec are also found in that folder.

Regenerating it yourself

This is useful as the debaters who produce the evidence release their work every year. Soon enough I will update to include the 2020-2021 topic.

Step 1: Download all open evidence files from Open Evidence and unzip them into a directory. The links are as follows:

2019 - Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially reduce Direct Commercial Sales and/or Foreign Military Sales of arms from the United States.
2018 - Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially reduce its restrictions on legal immigration to the United States.
2017 - Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase its funding and/or regulation of elementary and/or secondary education in the United States.
2016 - Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase its economic and/or diplomatic engagement with the People’s Republic of China.
2015 - Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially curtail its domestic surveil-lance.
2014 - Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase its non-military exploration and/or development of the Earth’s oceans.
2013 - Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase its economic en-gagement toward Cuba, Mexico or Venezuela.

Step 2: Convert all evidence from docx files to html5 files using pandoc with this command:

for f in *.docx; do pandoc "$f" -s -o "${f%.docx}.html5"; done

Step 3: install the dependencies for make_debate_dataset.py.

pip install -r requirements.txt

Step 4: Modify the folder and file locations as needed for your system, and run make_debate_dataset.py

python3 make_debate_dataset.py

Credits

Huge thanks to Arvind Balaji for making debate.cards and being second author on this paper!

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Spaces using Hellisotherpeople/DebateSum 9

Paper for Hellisotherpeople/DebateSum

DebateSum: A large-scale argument mining and summarization dataset

Paper • 2011.07251 • Published Nov 14, 2020 • 2